NumPy 1.19.0 Release Notes
This NumPy release is marked by the removal of much technical debt:
support for Python 2 has been removed, many deprecations have been
expired, and documentation has been improved. The polishing of the
random module continues apace with bug fixes and better usability from
Cython.
The Python versions supported for this release are 3.6-3.8. Downstream
developers should use Cython >= 0.29.16 for Python 3.8 support and
OpenBLAS >= 3.7 to avoid problems on the Skylake architecture.
Highlights
-
Code compatibility with Python versions < 3.6 (including Python 2)
was dropped from both the python and C code. The shims in
numpy.compatwill remain to support third-party packages, but they
may be deprecated in a future release. Note that 1.19.x will not
compile with earlier versions of Python due to the use of f-strings.(gh-15233)
Expired deprecations
numpy.insert and numpy.delete can no longer be passed an axis on 0d arrays
This concludes a deprecation from 1.9, where when an axis argument was
passed to a call to ~numpy.insert and ~numpy.delete on a 0d array,
the axis and obj argument and indices would be completely ignored.
In these cases, insert(arr, "nonsense", 42, axis=0) would actually
overwrite the entire array, while delete(arr, "nonsense", axis=0)
would be arr.copy()
Now passing axis on a 0d array raises ~numpy.AxisError.
(gh-15802)
numpy.delete no longer ignores out-of-bounds indices
This concludes deprecations from 1.8 and 1.9, where np.delete would
ignore both negative and out-of-bounds items in a sequence of indices.
This was at odds with its behavior when passed a single index.
Now out-of-bounds items throw IndexError, and negative items index
from the end.
(gh-15804)
numpy.insert and numpy.delete no longer accept non-integral indices
This concludes a deprecation from 1.9, where sequences of non-integers
indices were allowed and cast to integers. Now passing sequences of
non-integral indices raises IndexError, just like it does when passing
a single non-integral scalar.
(gh-15805)
numpy.delete no longer casts boolean indices to integers
This concludes a deprecation from 1.8, where np.delete would cast
boolean arrays and scalars passed as an index argument into integer
indices. The behavior now is to treat boolean arrays as a mask, and to
raise an error on boolean scalars.
(gh-15815)
Compatibility notes
Changed random variate stream from numpy.random.Generator.dirichlet
A bug in the generation of random variates for the Dirichlet
distribution with small 'alpha' values was fixed by using a different
algorithm when max(alpha) < 0.1. Because of the change, the stream of
variates generated by dirichlet in this case will be different from
previous releases.
(gh-14924)
Scalar promotion in PyArray_ConvertToCommonType
The promotion of mixed scalars and arrays in
PyArray_ConvertToCommonType has been changed to adhere to those used
by np.result_type. This means that input such as
(1000, np.array([1], dtype=np.uint8))) will now return uint16
dtypes. In most cases the behaviour is unchanged. Note that the use of
this C-API function is generally discouraged. This also fixes
np.choose to behave the same way as the rest of NumPy in this respect.
(gh-14933)
Fasttake and fastputmask slots are deprecated and NULL'ed
The fasttake and fastputmask slots are now never used and must always be
set to NULL. This will result in no change in behaviour. However, if a
user dtype should set one of these a DeprecationWarning will be given.
(gh-14942)
np.ediff1d casting behaviour with to_end and to_begin
np.ediff1d now uses the "same_kind" casting rule for its additional
to_end and to_begin arguments. This ensures type safety except when
the input array has a smaller integer type than to_begin or to_end.
In rare cases, the behaviour will be more strict than it was previously
in 1.16 and 1.17. This is necessary to solve issues with floating point
NaN.
(gh-14981)
Converting of empty array-like objects to NumPy arrays
Objects with len(obj) == 0 which implement an "array-like"
interface, meaning an object implementing obj.__array__(),
obj.__array_interface__, obj.__array_struct__, or the python buffer
interface and which are also sequences (i.e. Pandas objects) will now
always retain there shape correctly when converted to an array. If such
an object has a shape of (0, 1) previously, it could be converted into
an array of shape (0,) (losing all dimensions after the first 0).
(gh-14995)
Removed multiarray.int_asbuffer
As part of the continued removal of Python 2 compatibility,
multiarray.int_asbuffer was removed. On Python 3, it threw a
NotImplementedError and was unused internally. It is expected that
there are no downstream use cases for this method with Python 3.
(gh-15229)
numpy.distutils.compat has been removed
This module contained only the function get_exception(), which was
used as:
try:
...
except Exception:
e = get_exception()
Its purpose was to handle the change in syntax introduced in Python 2.6,
from except Exception, e: to except Exception as e:, meaning it was
only necessary for codebases supporting Python 2.5 and older.
(gh-15255)
issubdtype no longer interprets float as np.floating
numpy.issubdtype had a FutureWarning since NumPy 1.14 which has
expired now. This means that certain input where the second argument was
neither a datatype nor a NumPy scalar type (such as a string or a python
type like int or float) will now be consistent with passing in
np.dtype(arg2).type. This makes the result consistent with
expectations and leads to a false result in some cases which previously
returned true.
(gh-15773)
Change output of round on scalars to be consistent with Python
Output of the __round__ dunder method and consequently the Python
built-in round has been changed to be a Python int to be consistent
with calling it on Python float objects when called with no arguments.
Previously, it would return a scalar of the np.dtype that was passed
in.
(gh-15840)
The numpy.ndarray constructor no longer interprets strides=() as strides=None
The former has changed to have the expected meaning of setting
numpy.ndarray.strides to (), while the latter continues to result in
strides being chosen automatically.
(gh-15882)
C-Level string to datetime casts changed
The C-level casts from strings were simplified. This changed also fixes
string to datetime and timedelta casts to behave correctly (i.e. like
Python casts using string_arr.astype("M8") while previously the cast
would behave like string_arr.astype(np.int_).astype("M8"). This only
affects code using low-level C-API to do manual casts (not full array
casts) of single scalar values or using e.g. PyArray_GetCastFunc, and
should thus not affect the vast majority of users.
(gh-16068)
SeedSequence with small seeds no longer conflicts with spawning
Small seeds (less than 2**96) were previously implicitly 0-padded out
to 128 bits, the size of the internal entropy pool. When spawned, the
spawn key was concatenated before the 0-padding. Since the first spawn
key is (0,), small seeds before the spawn created the same states as
the first spawned SeedSequence. Now, the seed is explicitly 0-padded
out to the internal pool size before concatenating the spawn key.
Spawned SeedSequences will produce different results than in the
previous release. Unspawned SeedSequences will still produce the same
results.
(gh-16551)
Deprecations
Deprecate automatic dtype=object for ragged input
Calling np.array([[1, [1, 2, 3]]) will issue a DeprecationWarning as
per NEP 34. Users should
explicitly use dtype=object to avoid the warning.
(gh-15119)
Passing shape=0 to factory functions in numpy.rec is deprecated
0 is treated as a special case and is aliased to None in the
functions:
numpy.core.records.fromarraysnumpy.core.records.fromrecordsnumpy.core.records.fromstringnumpy.core.records.fromfile
In future, 0 will not be special cased, and will be treated as an
array length like any other integer.
(gh-15217)
Deprecation of probably unused C-API functions
The following C-API functions are probably unused and have been
deprecated:
PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObjectPyUFunc_GenericFunctionPyUFunc_SetUsesArraysAsData
In most cases PyArray_GetArrayParamsFromObject should be replaced by
converting to an array, while PyUFunc_GenericFunction can be replaced
with PyObject_Call (see documentation for details).
(gh-15427)
Converting certain types to dtypes is Deprecated
The super classes of scalar types, such as np.integer, np.generic,
or np.inexact will now give a deprecation warning when converted to a
dtype (or used in a dtype keyword argument). The reason for this is that
np.integer is converted to np.int_, while it would be expected to
represent any integer (e.g. also int8, int16, etc. For example,
dtype=np.floating is currently identical to dtype=np.float64, even
though also np.float32 is a subclass of np.floating.
(gh-15534)
Deprecation of round for np.complexfloating scalars
Output of the __round__ dunder method and consequently the Python
built-in round has been deprecated on complex scalars. This does not
affect np.round.
(gh-15840)
numpy.ndarray.tostring() is deprecated in favor of tobytes()
~numpy.ndarray.tobytes has existed since the 1.9 release, but until
this release ~numpy.ndarray.tostring emitted no warning. The change to
emit a warning brings NumPy in line with the builtin array.array
methods of the same name.
(gh-15867)
C API changes
Better support for const dimensions in API functions
The following functions now accept a constant array of npy_intp:
PyArray_BroadcastToShapePyArray_IntTupleFromIntpPyArray_OverflowMultiplyList
Previously the caller would have to cast away the const-ness to call
these functions.
(gh-15251)
Const qualify UFunc inner loops
UFuncGenericFunction now expects pointers to const dimension and
strides as arguments. This means inner loops may no longer modify
either dimension or strides. This change leads to an
incompatible-pointer-types warning forcing users to either ignore the
compiler warnings or to const qualify their own loop signatures.
(gh-15355)
New Features
numpy.frompyfunc now accepts an identity argument
This allows the `numpy.ufunc.identity{.interpreted-text
role="attr"}[ attribute to be set on the resulting ufunc, meaning it can
be used for empty and multi-dimensional calls to
:meth:]{.title-ref}[numpy.ufunc.reduce]{.title-ref}`.
(gh-8255)
np.str_ scalars now support the buffer protocol
np.str_ arrays are always stored as UCS4, so the corresponding scalars
now expose this through the buffer interface, meaning
memoryview(np.str_('test')) now works.
(gh-15385)
subok option for numpy.copy
A new kwarg, subok, was added to numpy.copy to allow users to toggle
the behavior of numpy.copy with respect to array subclasses. The
default value is False which is consistent with the behavior of
numpy.copy for previous numpy versions. To create a copy that
preserves an array subclass with numpy.copy, call
np.copy(arr, subok=True). This addition better documents that the
default behavior of numpy.copy differs from the numpy.ndarray.copy
method which respects array subclasses by default.
(gh-15685)
numpy.linalg.multi_dot now accepts an out argument
out can be used to avoid creating unnecessary copies of the final
product computed by numpy.linalg.multidot.
(gh-15715)
keepdims parameter for numpy.count_nonzero
The parameter keepdims was added to numpy.count_nonzero. The
parameter has the same meaning as it does in reduction functions such as
numpy.sum or numpy.mean.
(gh-15870)
equal_nan parameter for numpy.array_equal
The keyword argument equal_nan was added to numpy.array_equal.
equal_nan is a boolean value that toggles whether or not nan values
are considered equal in comparison (default is False). This matches
API used in related functions such as numpy.isclose and
numpy.allclose.
(gh-16128)
Improvements
Improve detection of CPU features
Replace npy_cpu_supports which was a gcc specific mechanism to test
support of AVX with more general functions npy_cpu_init and
npy_cpu_have, and expose the results via a NPY_CPU_HAVE c-macro as
well as a python-level __cpu_features__ dictionary.
(gh-13421)
Use 64-bit integer size on 64-bit platforms in fallback lapack_lite
Use 64-bit integer size on 64-bit platforms in the fallback LAPACK
library, which is used when the system has no LAPACK installed, allowing
it to deal with linear algebra for large arrays.
(gh-15218)
Use AVX512 intrinsic to implement np.exp when input is np.float64
Use AVX512 intrinsic to implement np.exp when input is np.float64,
which can improve the performance of np.exp with np.float64 input
5-7x faster than before. The _multiarray_umath.so module has grown
about 63 KB on linux64.
(gh-15648)
Ability to disable madvise hugepages
On Linux NumPy has previously added support for madavise hugepages which
can improve performance for very large arrays. Unfortunately, on older
Kernel versions this led to peformance regressions, thus by default the
support has been disabled on kernels before version 4.6. To override the
default, you can use the environment variable:
NUMPY_MADVISE_HUGEPAGE=0
or set it to 1 to force enabling support. Note that this only makes a
difference if the operating system is set up to use madvise transparent
hugepage.
(gh-15769)
numpy.einsum accepts NumPy int64 type in subscript list
There is no longer a type error thrown when numpy.einsum is passed a
NumPy int64 array as its subscript list.
(gh-16080)
np.logaddexp2.identity changed to -inf
The ufunc ~numpy.logaddexp2 now has an identity of -inf, allowing it
to be called on empty sequences. This matches the identity of
~numpy.logaddexp.
(gh-16102)
Changes
Remove handling of extra argument to __array__
A code path and test have been in the code since NumPy 0.4 for a
two-argument variant of __array__(dtype=None, context=None). It was
activated when calling ufunc(op) or ufunc.reduce(op) if
op.__array__ existed. However that variant is not documented, and it
is not clear what the intention was for its use. It has been removed.
(gh-15118)
numpy.random._bit_generator moved to numpy.random.bit_generator
In order to expose numpy.random.BitGenerator and
numpy.random.SeedSequence to Cython, the _bitgenerator module is now
public as numpy.random.bit_generator
Cython access to the random distributions is provided via a pxd file
c_distributions.pxd provides access to the c functions behind many of
the random distributions from Cython, making it convenient to use and
extend them.
(gh-15463)
Fixed eigh and cholesky methods in numpy.random.multivariate_normal
Previously, when passing method='eigh' or method='cholesky',
numpy.random.multivariate_normal produced samples from the wrong
distribution. This is now fixed.
(gh-15872)
Fixed the jumping implementation in MT19937.jumped
This fix changes the stream produced from jumped MT19937 generators. It
does not affect the stream produced using RandomState or MT19937
that are directly seeded.
The translation of the jumping code for the MT19937 contained a reversed
loop ordering. MT19937.jumped matches the Makoto Matsumoto's original
implementation of the Horner and Sliding Window jump methods.
(gh-16153)
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