rails 7.0.0 on Ruby Gems

Action Cable

The Action Cable client now ensures successful channel subscriptions:
- The client maintains a set of pending subscriptions until either
  the server confirms the subscription or the channel is torn down.
- Rectifies the race condition where an unsubscribe is rapidly followed
  by a subscribe (on the same channel identifier) and the requests are
  handled out of order by the ActionCable server, thereby ignoring the
  subscribe command.
Daniel Spinosa
Compile ESM package that can be used directly in the browser as actioncable.esm.js.
DHH
Move action_cable.js to actioncable.js to match naming convention used for other Rails frameworks, and use JS console to communicate the deprecation.
DHH
Stop transpiling the UMD package generated as actioncable.js and drop the IE11 testing that relied on that.
DHH
Truncate broadcast logging messages.
J Smith
OpenSSL constants are now used for Digest computations.
Dirkjan Bussink
The Action Cable client now includes safeguards to prevent a "thundering
herd" of client reconnects after server connectivity loss:
- The client will wait a random amount between 1x and 3x of the stale
  threshold after the server's last ping before making the first
  reconnection attempt.
- Subsequent reconnection attempts now use exponential backoff instead of
  logarithmic backoff. To allow the delay between reconnection attempts to
  increase slowly at first, the default exponentiation base is < 2.
- Random jitter is applied to each delay between reconnection attempts.
Jonathan Hefner

Action Mailbox

Removed deprecated environment variable MAILGUN_INGRESS_API_KEY.
Rafael Mendonça França
Removed deprecated Rails.application.credentials.action_mailbox.mailgun_api_key.
Rafael Mendonça França
Add attachments to the list of permitted parameters for inbound emails conductor.
When using the conductor to test inbound emails with attachments, this prevents an
unpermitted parameter warning in default configurations, and prevents errors for
applications that set:
```
config.action_controller.action_on_unpermitted_parameters = :raise
```
David Jones, Dana Henke

Add ability to configure ActiveStorage service
for storing email raw source.

# config/storage.yml
incoming_emails:
  service: Disk
  root: /secure/dir/for/emails/only

config.action_mailbox.storage_service = :incoming_emails

Yurii Rashkovskii

Add ability to incinerate an inbound message through the conductor interface.
Santiago Bartesaghi
OpenSSL constants are now used for Digest computations.
Dirkjan Bussink

Action Mailer

Remove deprecated ActionMailer::DeliveryJob and ActionMailer::Parameterized::DeliveryJob
in favor of ActionMailer::MailDeliveryJob.
Rafael Mendonça França
email_address_with_name returns just the address if name is blank.
Thomas Hutterer
Configures a default of 5 for both open_timeout and read_timeout for SMTP Settings.
André Luis Leal Cardoso Junior

Action Pack

Deprecate Rails.application.config.action_controller.urlsafe_csrf_tokens. This config is now always enabled.
Étienne Barrié
Instance variables set in requests in a ActionController::TestCase are now cleared before the next request
This means if you make multiple requests in the same test, instance variables set in the first request will
not persist into the second one. (It's not recommended to make multiple requests in the same test.)
Alex Ghiculescu
Rails.application.executor hooks can now be called around every request in a ActionController::TestCase
This helps to better simulate request or job local state being reset between requests and prevent state
leaking from one request to another.
To enable this, set config.active_support.executor_around_test_case = true (this is the default in Rails 7).
Alex Ghiculescu
Consider onion services secure for cookies.
Justin Tracey
Remove deprecated Rails.config.action_view.raise_on_missing_translations.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to passing a path to fixture_file_upload relative to fixture_path.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActionDispatch::SystemTestCase#host!.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated Rails.config.action_dispatch.hosts_response_app.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActionDispatch::Response.return_only_media_type_on_content_type.
Rafael Mendonça França
Raise ActionController::Redirecting::UnsafeRedirectError for unsafe redirect_to redirects.
This allows rescue_from to be used to add a default fallback route:
```
rescue_from ActionController::Redirecting::UnsafeRedirectError do
  redirect_to root_url
end
```
Kasper Timm Hansen, Chris Oliver
Add url_from to verify a redirect location is internal.
Takes the open redirect protection from redirect_to so users can wrap a
param, and fall back to an alternate redirect URL when the param provided
one is unsafe.
```
def create
  redirect_to url_from(params[:redirect_url]) || root_url
end
```
dmcge, Kasper Timm Hansen
Allow Capybara driver name overrides in SystemTestCase::driven_by
Allow users to prevent conflicts among drivers that use the same driver
type (selenium, poltergeist, webkit, rack test).
Fixes #42502
Chris LaRose
Allow multiline to be passed in routes when using wildcard segments.
Previously routes with newlines weren't detected when using wildcard segments, returning
a No route matches error.
After this change, routes with newlines are detected on wildcard segments. Example
```
  draw do
    get "/wildcard/*wildcard_segment", to: SimpleApp.new("foo#index"), as: :wildcard
  end

  # After the change, the path matches.
  assert_equal "/wildcard/a%0Anewline", url_helpers.wildcard_path(wildcard_segment: "a\nnewline")
```
Fixes #39103
Ignacio Chiazzo
Treat html suffix in controller translation.
Rui Onodera, Gavin Miller
Allow permitting numeric params.
Previously it was impossible to permit different fields on numeric parameters.
After this change you can specify different fields for each numbered parameter.
For example params like,
```
book: {
        authors_attributes: {
          '0': { name: "William Shakespeare", age_of_death: "52" },
          '1': { name: "Unattributed Assistant" },
          '2': "Not a hash",
          'new_record': { name: "Some name" }
        }
      }
```
Before you could permit name on each author with,
permit book: { authors_attributes: [ :name ] }
After this change you can permit different keys on each numbered element,
permit book: { authors_attributes: { '1': [ :name ], '0': [ :name, :age_of_death ] } }
Fixes #41625
Adam Hess
Update HostAuthorization middleware to render debug info only
when config.consider_all_requests_local is set to true.
Also, blocked host info is always logged with level error.
Fixes #42813
Nikita Vyrko
Add Server-Timing middleware
Server-Timing specification defines how the server can communicate to browsers performance metrics
about the request it is responding to.
The ServerTiming middleware is enabled by default on development environment by default using the
config.server_timing setting and set the relevant duration metrics in the Server-Timing header
The full specification for Server-Timing header can be found in: https://www.w3.org/TR/server-timing/#dfn-server-timing-header-field
Sebastian Sogamoso, Guillermo Iguaran
Use a static error message when raising ActionDispatch::Http::Parameters::ParseError
to avoid inadvertently logging the HTTP request body at the fatal level when it contains
malformed JSON.
Fixes #41145
Aaron Lahey
Add Middleware#delete! to delete middleware or raise if not found.
Middleware#delete! works just like Middleware#delete but will
raise an error if the middleware isn't found.
Alex Ghiculescu, Petrik de Heus, Junichi Sato
Raise error on unpermitted open redirects.
Add allow_other_host options to redirect_to.
Opt in to this behaviour with ActionController::Base.raise_on_open_redirects = true.
Gannon McGibbon
Deprecate poltergeist and webkit (capybara-webkit) driver registration for system testing (they will be removed in Rails 7.1). Add cuprite instead.
Poltergeist and capybara-webkit are already not maintained. These usage in Rails are removed for avoiding confusing users.
Cuprite is a good alternative to Poltergeist. Some guide descriptions are replaced from Poltergeist to Cuprite.
Yusuke Iwaki
Exclude additional flash types from ActionController::Base.action_methods.
Ensures that additional flash types defined on ActionController::Base subclasses
are not listed as actions on that controller.
```
class MyController < ApplicationController
  add_flash_types :hype
end

MyController.action_methods.include?('hype') # => false
```
Gavin Morrice
OpenSSL constants are now used for Digest computations.
Dirkjan Bussink
Remove IE6-7-8 file download related hack/fix from ActionController::DataStreaming module.
Due to the age of those versions of IE this fix is no longer relevant, more importantly it creates an edge-case for unexpected Cache-Control headers.
Tadas Sasnauskas
Configuration setting to skip logging an uncaught exception backtrace when the exception is
present in rescued_responses.
It may be too noisy to get all backtraces logged for applications that manage uncaught
exceptions via rescued_responses and exceptions_app.
config.action_dispatch.log_rescued_responses (defaults to true) can be set to false in
this case, so that only exceptions not found in rescued_responses will be logged.
Alexander Azarov, Mike Dalessio
Ignore file fixtures on db:fixtures:load.
Kevin Sjöberg
Fix ActionController::Live controller test deadlocks by removing the body buffer size limit for tests.
Dylan Thacker-Smith
New ActionController::ConditionalGet#no_store method to set HTTP cache control no-store directive.
Tadas Sasnauskas
Drop support for the SERVER_ADDR header.
Following up rack/rack#1573 and #42349.
Ricardo Díaz
Set session options when initializing a basic session.
Gannon McGibbon
Add cache_control: {} option to fresh_when and stale?.
Works as a shortcut to set response.cache_control with the above methods.
Jacopo Beschi
Writing into a disabled session will now raise an error.
Previously when no session store was set, writing into the session would silently fail.
Jean Boussier
Add support for 'require-trusted-types-for' and 'trusted-types' headers.
Fixes #42034.
lfalcao
Remove inline styles and address basic accessibility issues on rescue templates.
Jacob Herrington
Add support for 'private, no-store' Cache-Control headers.
Previously, 'no-store' was exclusive; no other directives could be specified.
Alex Smith
Expand payload of unpermitted_parameters.action_controller instrumentation to allow subscribers to
know which controller action received unpermitted parameters.
bbuchalter

Add ActionController::Live#send_stream that makes it more convenient to send generated streams:

send_stream(filename: "subscribers.csv") do |stream|
  stream.writeln "email_address,updated_at"

  @subscribers.find_each do |subscriber|
    stream.writeln [ subscriber.email_address, subscriber.updated_at ].join(",")
  end
end

DHH

Add ActionController::Live::Buffer#writeln to write a line to the stream with a newline included.
DHH

ActionDispatch::Request#content_type now returned Content-Type header as it is.

Previously, ActionDispatch::Request#content_type returned value does NOT contain charset part.
This behavior changed to returned Content-Type header containing charset part as it is.

If you want just MIME type, please use ActionDispatch::Request#media_type instead.

Before:

request = ActionDispatch::Request.new("CONTENT_TYPE" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16", "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET")
request.content_type #=> "text/csv"

After:

request = ActionDispatch::Request.new("Content-Type" => "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16", "REQUEST_METHOD" => "GET")
request.content_type #=> "text/csv; header=present; charset=utf-16"
request.media_type   #=> "text/csv"

Rafael Mendonça França

Change ActionDispatch::Request#media_type to return nil when the request don't have a Content-Type header.
Rafael Mendonça França
Fix error in ActionController::LogSubscriber that would happen when throwing inside a controller action.
Janko Marohnić
Allow anything with #to_str (like Addressable::URI) as a redirect_to location.
ojab
Change the request method to a GET when passing failed requests down to config.exceptions_app.
Alex Robbin
Deprecate the ability to assign a single value to config.action_dispatch.trusted_proxies
as RemoteIp middleware behaves inconsistently depending on whether this is configured
with a single value or an enumerable.
Fixes #40772.
Christian Sutter
Add redirect_back_or_to(fallback_location, **) as a more aesthetically pleasing version of redirect_back fallback_location:, **.
The old method name is retained without explicit deprecation.
DHH

Action Text

Fix an issue with how nested lists were displayed when converting to plain text
Matt Swanson
Allow passing in a custom direct_upload_url or blob_url_template to rich_text_area_tag.
Lucas Mansur
Make the Action Text + Trix JavaScript and CSS available through the asset pipeline.
DHH
OpenSSL constants are now used for Digest computations.
Dirkjan Bussink
Add support for passing form: option to rich_text_area_tag and
rich_text_area helpers to specify the <input type="hidden" form="...">
value.
Sean Doyle
Add config.action_text.attachment_tag_name, to specify the HTML tag that contains attachments.
Mark VanLandingham
Expose how we render the HTML surrounding rich text content as an
extensible layouts/action_view/contents/_content.html.erb template to
encourage user-land customizations, while retaining private API control over how
the rich text itself is rendered by action_text/contents/_content.html.erb
partial.
Sean Doyle
Add with_all_rich_text method to eager load all rich text associations on a model at once.
Matt Swanson, DHH

Action View

Support include_hidden: option in calls to
ActionView::Helper::FormBuilder#file_field with multiple: true to
support submitting an empty collection of files.

form.file_field :attachments, multiple: true
# => <input type="hidden" autocomplete="off" name="post[attachments][]" value="">
     <input type="file" multiple="multiple" id="post_attachments" name="post[attachments][]">

form.file_field :attachments, multiple: true, include_hidden: false
# => <input type="file" multiple="multiple" id="post_attachments" name="post[attachments][]">

Sean Doyle

Fix number_with_precision(raise: true) always raising even on valid numbers.
Pedro Moreira
Support fields model: [@nested, @model] the same way as form_with model: [@nested, @model].
Sean Doyle

Infer HTTP verb [method] from a model or Array with model as the first
argument to button_to when combined with a block:

button_to(Workshop.find(1)){ "Update" }
#=> <form method="post" action="/workshops/1" class="button_to">
#=>   <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="patch" autocomplete="off" />
#=>   <button type="submit">Update</button>
#=> </form>

button_to([ Workshop.find(1), Session.find(1) ]) { "Update" }
#=> <form method="post" action="/workshops/1/sessions/1" class="button_to">
#=>   <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="patch" autocomplete="off" />
#=>   <button type="submit">Update</button>
#=> </form>

Sean Doyle

Support passing a Symbol as the first argument to FormBuilder#button:

form.button(:draft, value: true)
# => <button name="post[draft]" value="true" type="submit">Create post</button>

form.button(:draft, value: true) do
  content_tag(:strong, "Save as draft")
end
# =>  <button name="post[draft]" value="true" type="submit">
#       <strong>Save as draft</strong>
#     </button>

Sean Doyle

Introduce the field_name view helper, along with the
FormBuilder#field_name counterpart:

form_for @post do |f|
  f.field_tag :tag, name: f.field_name(:tag, multiple: true)
  # => <input type="text" name="post[tag][]">
end

Sean Doyle

Execute the ActionView::Base.field_error_proc within the context of the
ActionView::Base instance:

config.action_view.field_error_proc = proc { |html| content_tag(:div, html, class: "field_with_errors") }

Sean Doyle

Add support for button_to ..., authenticity_token: false

button_to "Create", Post.new, authenticity_token: false
# => <form class="button_to" method="post" action="/posts"><button type="submit">Create</button></form>

button_to "Create", Post.new, authenticity_token: true
# => <form class="button_to" method="post" action="/posts"><button type="submit">Create</button><input type="hidden" name="form_token" value="abc123..." autocomplete="off" /></form>

button_to "Create", Post.new, authenticity_token: "secret"
# => <form class="button_to" method="post" action="/posts"><button type="submit">Create</button><input type="hidden" name="form_token" value="secret" autocomplete="off" /></form>

Sean Doyle

Support rendering <form> elements without [action] attributes by:
- form_with url: false or form_with ..., html: { action: false }
- form_for ..., url: false or form_for ..., html: { action: false }
- form_tag false or form_tag ..., action: false
- button_to "...", false or button_to(false) { ... }
Sean Doyle

Add :day_format option to date_select

date_select("article", "written_on", day_format: ->(day) { day.ordinalize })
# generates day options like <option value="1">1st</option>\n<option value="2">2nd</option>...

Shunichi Ikegami

Allow link_to helper to infer link name from Model#to_s when it
is used with a single argument:
```
link_to @profile
#=> <a href="/profiles/1">Eileen</a>
```
This assumes the model class implements a to_s method like this:
```
class Profile < ApplicationRecord
  # ...
  def to_s
    name
  end
end
```
Previously you had to supply a second argument even if the Profile
model implemented a #to_s method that called the name method.
```
link_to @profile, @profile.name
#=> <a href="/profiles/1">Eileen</a>
```
Olivier Lacan

Support svg unpaired tags for tag helper.

tag.svg { tag.use('href' => "#cool-icon") }
# => <svg><use href="#cool-icon"></svg>

Oleksii Vasyliev

Improves the performance of ActionView::Helpers::NumberHelper formatters by avoiding the use of
exceptions as flow control.
Mike Dalessio
preload_link_tag properly inserts as attributes for files with image MIME types, such as JPG or SVG.
Nate Berkopec
Add weekday_options_for_select and weekday_select helper methods. Also adds weekday_select to FormBuilder.
Drew Bragg, Dana Kashubeck, Kasper Timm Hansen
Add caching? helper that returns whether the current code path is being cached and uncacheable! to denote helper methods that can't participate in fragment caching.
Ben Toews, John Hawthorn, Kasper Timm Hansen, Joel Hawksley

Add include_seconds option for time_field.

<%= form.time_field :foo, include_seconds: false %>
# => <input value="16:22" type="time" />

Default includes seconds:

<%= form.time_field :foo %>
# => <input value="16:22:01.440" type="time" />

This allows you to take advantage of different rendering options in some browsers.

Alex Ghiculescu

Improve error messages when template file does not exist at absolute filepath.
Ted Whang
Add :country_code option to sms_to for consistency with phone_to.
Jonathan Hefner
OpenSSL constants are now used for Digest computations.
Dirkjan Bussink
The translate helper now passes default values that aren't
translation keys through I18n.translate for interpolation.
Jonathan Hefner

Adds option extname to stylesheet_link_tag to skip default
.css extension appended to the stylesheet path.

Before:

stylesheet_link_tag "style.less"
# <link href="/stylesheets/style.less.scss" rel="stylesheet">

After:

stylesheet_link_tag "style.less", extname: false, skip_pipeline: true, rel: "stylesheet/less"
# <link href="/stylesheets/style.less" rel="stylesheet/less">

Abhay Nikam

Deprecate render locals to be assigned to instance variables.
Petrik de Heus
Remove legacy default media=screen from stylesheet_link_tag.
André Luis Leal Cardoso Junior

Change ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder#button to transform formmethod
attributes into _method="$VERB" Form Data to enable varied same-form actions:

<%= form_with model: post, method: :put do %>
  <%= form.button "Update" %>
  <%= form.button "Delete", formmethod: :delete %>
<% end %>
<%# => <form action="posts/1">
    =>   <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put">
    =>   <button type="submit">Update</button>
    =>   <button type="submit" formmethod="post" name="_method" value="delete">Delete</button>
    => </form>
%>

Sean Doyle

Change ActionView::Helpers::UrlHelper#button_to to always render a
<button> element, regardless of whether or not the content is passed as
the first argument or as a block.

<%= button_to "Delete", post_path(@post), method: :delete %>
# => <form action="/posts/1"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete"><button type="submit">Delete</button></form>

<%= button_to post_path(@post), method: :delete do %>
  Delete
<% end %>
# => <form action="/posts/1"><input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete"><button type="submit">Delete</button></form>

Sean Doyle, Dusan Orlovic

Add config.action_view.preload_links_header to allow disabling of
the Link header being added by default when using stylesheet_link_tag
and javascript_include_tag.
Andrew White
The translate helper now resolves default values when a nil key is
specified, instead of always returning nil.
Jonathan Hefner
Add config.action_view.image_loading to configure the default value of
the image_tag :loading option.
By setting config.action_view.image_loading = "lazy", an application can opt in to
lazy loading images sitewide, without changing view code.
Jonathan Hefner
ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder#id returns the value
of the <form> element's id attribute. With a method argument, returns
the id attribute for a form field with that name.
```
<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
  <%# ... %>

  <% content_for :sticky_footer do %>
    <%= form.button(form: f.id) %>
  <% end %>
<% end %>
```
Sean Doyle

ActionView::Helpers::FormBuilder#field_id returns the value generated by
the FormBuilder for the given attribute name.

<%= form_for @post do |f| %>
  <%= f.label :title %>
  <%= f.text_field :title, aria: { describedby: f.field_id(:title, :error) } %>
  <%= tag.span("is blank", id: f.field_id(:title, :error) %>
<% end %>

Sean Doyle

Add tag.attributes to transform a Hash into HTML Attributes, ready to be
interpolated into ERB.

<input <%= tag.attributes(type: :text, aria: { label: "Search" }) %> >
# => <input type="text" aria-label="Search">

Sean Doyle

Active Job

Remove deprecated :return_false_on_aborted_enqueue option.
Rafael Mendonça França
Deprecated Rails.config.active_job.skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated.
Rafael Mendonça França
Removed deprecated behavior that was not halting after_enqueue/after_perform callbacks when a
previous callback was halted with throw :abort.
Rafael Mendonça França
Raise an SerializationError in Serializer::ModuleSerializer
if the module name is not present.
Veerpal Brar
Allow a job to retry indefinitely
The attempts parameter of the retry_on method now accepts the
symbol reference :unlimited in addition to a specific number of retry
attempts to allow a developer to specify that a job should retry
forever until it succeeds.
```
class MyJob < ActiveJob::Base
  retry_on(AlwaysRetryException, attempts: :unlimited)

  # the actual job code
end
```
Daniel Morton
Added possibility to check on :priority in test helper methods
assert_enqueued_with and assert_performed_with.
Wojciech Wnętrzak
OpenSSL constants are now used for Digest computations.
Dirkjan Bussink
Add a Serializer for the Range class.
This should allow things like MyJob.perform_later(range: 1..100).
Communicate enqueue failures to callers of perform_later.
perform_later can now optionally take a block which will execute after
the adapter attempts to enqueue the job. The block will receive the job
instance as an argument even if the enqueue was not successful.
Additionally, ActiveJob adapters now have the ability to raise an
ActiveJob::EnqueueError which will be caught and stored in the job
instance so code attempting to enqueue jobs can inspect any raised
EnqueueError using the block.
```
MyJob.perform_later do |job|
  unless job.successfully_enqueued?
    if job.enqueue_error&.message == "Redis was unavailable"
      # invoke some code that will retry the job after a delay
    end
  end
end
```
Daniel Morton
Don't log rescuable exceptions defined with rescue_from.
Hu Hailin
Allow rescue_from to rescue all exceptions.
Adrianna Chang, Étienne Barrié

Active Model

Remove support to Marshal load Rails 5.x ActiveModel::AttributeSet format.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove support to Marshal and YAML load Rails 5.x error format.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to use []= in ActiveModel::Errors#messages.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to delete errors from ActiveModel::Errors#messages.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to clear errors from ActiveModel::Errors#messages.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support concat errors to ActiveModel::Errors#messages.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveModel::Errors#to_xml.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveModel::Errors#keys.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveModel::Errors#values.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveModel::Errors#slice!.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveModel::Errors#to_h.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated enumeration of ActiveModel::Errors instances as a Hash.
Rafael Mendonça França
Clear secure password cache if password is set to nil
Before:
user.password = 'something'
user.password = nil
user.password # => 'something'
Now:
user.password = 'something'
user.password = nil
user.password # => nil
Markus Doits
Introduce ActiveModel::API.
Make ActiveModel::API the minimum API to talk with Action Pack and Action View.
This will allow adding more functionality to ActiveModel::Model.
Petrik de Heus, Nathaniel Watts
Fix dirty check for Float::NaN and BigDecimal::NaN.
Float::NaN and BigDecimal::NaN in Ruby are special values
and can't be compared with ==.
Marcelo Lauxen
Fix to_json for ActiveModel::Dirty object.
Exclude mutations_from_database attribute from json as it lead to recursion.
Anil Maurya
Add ActiveModel::AttributeSet#values_for_database.
Returns attributes with values for assignment to the database.
Chris Salzberg
Fix delegation in ActiveModel::Type::Registry#lookup and ActiveModel::Type.lookup.
Passing a last positional argument {} would be incorrectly considered as keyword argument.
Benoit Daloze
Cache and re-use generated attribute methods.
Generated methods with identical implementations will now share their instruction sequences
leading to reduced memory retention, and slightly faster load time.
Jean Boussier
Add in: range parameter to numericality validator.
Michal Papis
Add locale argument to ActiveModel::Name#initialize to be used to generate the singular,
plural, route_key and singular_route_key values.
Lukas Pokorny
Make ActiveModel::Errors#inspect slimmer for readability
lulalala

Active Record

Better handle SQL queries with invalid encoding.
```
Post.create(name: "broken \xC8 UTF-8")
```
Would cause all adapters to fail in a non controlled way in the code
responsible to detect write queries.
The query is now properly passed to the database connection, which might or might
not be able to handle it, but will either succeed or failed in a more correct way.
Jean Boussier
Move database and shard selection config options to a generator.
Rather than generating the config options in production.rb when applications are created, applications can now run a generator to create an initializer and uncomment / update options as needed. All multi-db configuration can be implemented in this initializer.
Eileen M. Uchitelle
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::DatabaseConfig#spec_name.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Connection#in_clause_length.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Connection#allowed_index_name_length.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base#remove_connection.
Rafael Mendonça França
Load STI Models in fixtures
Data from Fixtures now loads based on the specific class for models with
Single Table Inheritance. This affects enums defined in subclasses, previously
the value of these fields was not parsed and remained nil
Andres Howard
#authenticate returns false when the password is blank instead of raising an error.
Muhammad Muhammad Ibrahim
Fix ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#in_order_of behavior for integer enums.
ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#in_order_of didn't work as expected for enums stored as integers in the database when passing an array of strings or symbols as the order argument. This unexpected behavior occurred because the string or symbol values were not casted to match the integers in the database.
The following example now works as expected:
```
class Book < ApplicationRecord
  enum status: [:proposed, :written, :published]
end

Book.in_order_of(:status, %w[written published proposed])
```
Alexandre Ruban
Ignore persisted in-memory records when merging target lists.
Kevin Sjöberg
Add a new option :update_only to upsert_all to configure the list of columns to update in case of conflict.
Before, you could only customize the update SQL sentence via :on_duplicate. There is now a new option :update_only that lets you provide a list of columns to update in case of conflict:
```
Commodity.upsert_all(
  [
    { id: 2, name: "Copper", price: 4.84 },
    { id: 4, name: "Gold", price: 1380.87 },
    { id: 6, name: "Aluminium", price: 0.35 }
  ],
  update_only: [:price] # Only prices will be updated
)
```
Jorge Manrubia
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Result#map! and ActiveRecord::Result#collect!.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.to_h.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.configurations.default_hash.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.arel_attribute.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.connection_config.
Rafael Mendonça França

Filter attributes in SQL logs

Previously, SQL queries in logs containing ActiveRecord::Base.filter_attributes were not filtered.

Now, the filter attributes will be masked [FILTERED] in the logs when prepared_statement is enabled.

# Before:
  Foo Load (0.2ms)  SELECT "foos".* FROM "foos" WHERE "foos"."passw" = ? LIMIT ?  [["passw", "hello"], ["LIMIT", 1]]

# After:
  Foo Load (0.5ms)  SELECT "foos".* FROM "foos" WHERE "foos"."passw" = ? LIMIT ?  [["passw", "[FILTERED]"], ["LIMIT", 1]]

Aishwarya Subramanian

Remove deprecated Tasks::DatabaseTasks.spec.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated Tasks::DatabaseTasks.current_config.
Rafael Mendonça França
Deprecate Tasks::DatabaseTasks.schema_file_type.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated Tasks::DatabaseTasks.dump_filename.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated Tasks::DatabaseTasks.schema_file.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated environment and name arguments from Tasks::DatabaseTasks.schema_up_to_date?.
Rafael Mendonça França

Merging conditions on the same column no longer maintain both conditions,
and will be consistently replaced by the latter condition.

# Rails 6.1 (IN clause is replaced by merger side equality condition)
Author.where(id: [david.id, mary.id]).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => [bob]
# Rails 6.1 (both conflict conditions exists, deprecated)
Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => []
# Rails 6.1 with rewhere to migrate to Rails 7.0's behavior
Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob), rewhere: true) # => [bob]
# Rails 7.0 (same behavior with IN clause, mergee side condition is consistently replaced)
Author.where(id: [david.id, mary.id]).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => [bob]
Author.where(id: david.id..mary.id).merge(Author.where(id: bob)) # => [bob]

*Rafael Mendonça França*

Remove deprecated support to Model.reorder(nil).first to search using non-deterministic order.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated rake tasks:
- db:schema:load_if_ruby
- db:structure:dump
- db:structure:load
- db:structure:load_if_sql
- db:structure:dump:#{name}
- db:structure:load:#{name}
- db:test:load_structure
- db:test:load_structure:#{name}
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated DatabaseConfig#config method.
Rafael Mendonça França
Rollback transactions when the block returns earlier than expected.
Before this change, when a transaction block returned early, the transaction would be committed.
The problem is that timeouts triggered inside the transaction block was also making the incomplete transaction
to be committed, so in order to avoid this mistake, the transaction block is rolled back.
Rafael Mendonça França
Add middleware for automatic shard swapping.
Provides a basic middleware to perform automatic shard swapping. Applications will provide a resolver which will determine for an individual request which shard should be used. Example:
```
config.active_record.shard_resolver = ->(request) {
  subdomain = request.subdomain
  tenant = Tenant.find_by_subdomain!(subdomain)
  tenant.shard
}
```
See guides for more details.
Eileen M. Uchitelle, John Crepezzi
Remove deprecated support to pass a column to type_cast.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to type cast to database values ActiveRecord::Base objects.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to quote ActiveRecord::Base objects.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecacated support to resolve connection using "primary" as connection specification name.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecation warning when using :interval column is used in PostgreSQL database.
Now, interval columns will return ActiveSupport::Duration objects instead of strings.
To keep the old behavior, you can add this line to your model:
```
attribute :column, :string
```
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to YAML load ActiveRecord::Base instance in the Rails 4.2 and 4.1 formats.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated option :spec_name in the configs_for method.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.allow_unsafe_raw_sql.
Rafael Mendonça França
Fix regression bug that caused ignoring additional conditions for preloading has_many-through relations.
Fixes #43132
Alexander Pauly
Fix has_many inversing recursion on models with recursive associations.
Gannon McGibbon

Add accepts_nested_attributes_for support for delegated_type

class Entry < ApplicationRecord
  delegated_type :entryable, types: %w[ Message Comment ]
  accepts_nested_attributes_for :entryable
end

entry = Entry.create(entryable_type: 'Message', entryable_attributes: { content: 'Hello world' })
# => #<Entry:0x00>
# id: 1
# entryable_id: 1,
# entryable_type: 'Message'
# ...>

entry.entryable
# => #<Message:0x01>
# id: 1
# content: 'Hello world'
# ...>

Previously it would raise an error:

Entry.create(entryable_type: 'Message', entryable_attributes: { content: 'Hello world' })
# ArgumentError: Cannot build association `entryable'. Are you trying to build a polymorphic one-to-one association?

Sjors Baltus

Use subquery for DELETE with GROUP_BY and HAVING clauses.
Prior to this change, deletes with GROUP_BY and HAVING were returning an error.
After this change, GROUP_BY and HAVING are valid clauses in DELETE queries, generating the following query:
```
DELETE FROM "posts" WHERE "posts"."id" IN (
    SELECT "posts"."id" FROM "posts" INNER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id" GROUP BY "posts"."id" HAVING (count(comments.id) >= 2))
)  [["flagged", "t"]]
```
Ignacio Chiazzo Cardarello

Use subquery for UPDATE with GROUP_BY and HAVING clauses.

Prior to this change, updates with GROUP_BY and HAVING were being ignored, generating a SQL like this:

UPDATE "posts" SET "flagged" = ? WHERE "posts"."id" IN (
    SELECT "posts"."id" FROM "posts" INNER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id"
)  [["flagged", "t"]]

After this change, GROUP_BY and HAVING clauses are used as a subquery in updates, like this:

UPDATE "posts" SET "flagged" = ? WHERE "posts"."id" IN (
    SELECT "posts"."id" FROM "posts" INNER JOIN "comments" ON "comments"."post_id" = "posts"."id"
    GROUP BY posts.id HAVING (count(comments.id) >= 2)
)  [["flagged", "t"]]

Ignacio Chiazzo Cardarello

Add support for setting the filename of the schema or structure dump in the database config.
Applications may now set their the filename or path of the schema / structure dump file in their database configuration.
```
production:
  primary:
    database: my_db
    schema_dump: my_schema_dump_filename.rb
  animals:
    database: animals_db
    schema_dump: false
```
The filename set in schema_dump will be used by the application. If set to false the schema will not be dumped. The database tasks are responsible for adding the database directory to the filename. If a full path is provided, the Rails tasks will use that instead of ActiveRecord::DatabaseTasks.db_dir.
Eileen M. Uchitelle, Ryan Kerr
Add ActiveRecord::Base.prohibit_shard_swapping to prevent attempts to change the shard within a block.
John Crepezzi, Eileen M. Uchitelle
Filter unchanged attributes with default function from insert query when partial_inserts is disabled.
Akshay Birajdar, Jacopo Beschi
Add support for FILTER clause (SQL:2003) to Arel.
Currently supported by PostgreSQL 9.4+ and SQLite 3.30+.
Andrey Novikov
Automatically set timestamps on record creation during bulk insert/upsert
Prior to this change, only updates during an upsert operation (e.g. upsert_all) would touch timestamps (updated_{at,on}). Now, record creations also touch timestamp columns ({created,updated}_{at,on}).
This behaviour is controlled by the <model>.record_timestamps config, matching the behaviour of create, update, etc. It can also be overridden by using the record_timestamps: keyword argument.
Note that this means upsert_all on models with record_timestamps = false will no longer touch updated_{at,on} automatically.
Sam Bostock
Don't require role when passing shard to connected_to.
connected_to can now be called with a shard only. Note that role is still inherited if connected_to calls are nested.
Eileen M. Uchitelle
Add option to lazily load the schema cache on the connection.
Previously, the only way to load the schema cache in Active Record was through the Railtie on boot. This option provides the ability to load the schema cache on the connection after it's been established. Loading the cache lazily on the connection can be beneficial for Rails applications that use multiple databases because it will load the cache at the time the connection is established. Currently Railties doesn't have access to the connections before boot.
To use the cache, set config.active_record.lazily_load_schema_cache = true in your application configuration. In addition a schema_cache_path should be set in your database configuration if you don't want to use the default "db/schema_cache.yml" path.
Eileen M. Uchitelle
Allow automatic inverse_of detection for associations with scopes.
Automatic inverse_of detection now works for associations with scopes. For
example, the comments association here now automatically detects
inverse_of: :post, so we don't need to pass that option:
```
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many :comments, -> { visible }
end

class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
  belongs_to :post
end
```
Note that the automatic detection still won't work if the inverse
association has a scope. In this example a scope on the post association
would still prevent Rails from finding the inverse for the comments
association.
This will be the default for new apps in Rails 7. To opt in:
```
config.active_record.automatic_scope_inversing = true
```
Daniel Colson, Chris Bloom
Accept optional transaction args to ActiveRecord::Locking::Pessimistic#with_lock
#with_lock now accepts transaction options like requires_new:,
isolation:, and joinable:
John Mileham
Adds support for deferrable foreign key constraints in PostgreSQL.
By default, foreign key constraints in PostgreSQL are checked after each statement. This works for most use cases,
but becomes a major limitation when creating related records before the parent record is inserted into the database.
One example of this is looking up / creating a person via one or more unique alias.
```
Person.transaction do
  alias = Alias
    .create_with(user_id: SecureRandom.uuid)
    .create_or_find_by(name: "DHH")

  person = Person
    .create_with(name: "David Heinemeier Hansson")
    .create_or_find_by(id: alias.user_id)
end
```
Using the default behavior, the transaction would fail when executing the first INSERT statement.
By passing the :deferrable option to the add_foreign_key statement in migrations, it's possible to defer this
check.
```
add_foreign_key :aliases, :person, deferrable: true
```
Passing deferrable: true doesn't change the default behavior, but allows manually deferring the check using
SET CONSTRAINTS ALL DEFERRED within a transaction. This will cause the foreign keys to be checked after the
transaction.
It's also possible to adjust the default behavior from an immediate check (after the statement), to a deferred check
(after the transaction):
```
add_foreign_key :aliases, :person, deferrable: :deferred
```
Benedikt Deicke

Allow configuring Postgres password through the socket URL.

For example:

ActiveRecord::DatabaseConfigurations::UrlConfig.new(
  :production, :production, 'postgres:///?user=user&password=secret&dbname=app', {}
).configuration_hash

will now return,

{ :user=>"user", :password=>"secret", :dbname=>"app", :adapter=>"postgresql" }

Abeid Ahmed

PostgreSQL: support custom enum types
In migrations, use create_enum to add a new enum type, and t.enum to add a column.
```
def up
  create_enum :mood, ["happy", "sad"]

  change_table :cats do |t|
    t.enum :current_mood, enum_type: "mood", default: "happy", null: false
  end
end
```
Enums will be presented correctly in schema.rb. Note that this is only supported by
the PostgreSQL adapter.
Alex Ghiculescu
Avoid COMMENT statements in PostgreSQL structure dumps
COMMENT statements are now omitted from the output of db:structure:dump when using PostgreSQL >= 11.
This allows loading the dump without a pgsql superuser account.
Fixes #36816, #43107.
Janosch Müller
Add support for generated columns in PostgreSQL adapter
Generated columns are supported since version 12.0 of PostgreSQL. This adds
support of those to the PostgreSQL adapter.
```
create_table :users do |t|
  t.string :name
  t.virtual :name_upcased, type: :string, as: 'upper(name)', stored: true
end
```
Michał Begejowicz
Remove warning when overwriting existing scopes
Removes the following unnecessary warning message that appeared when overwriting existing scopes
```
Creating scope :my_scope_name. Overwriting existing method "MyClass.my_scope_name" when overwriting existing scopes
```
Weston Ganger
Use full precision for updated_at in insert_all/upsert_all
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP provides differing precision depending on the database,
and not all databases support explicitly specifying additional precision.
Instead, we delegate to the new connection.high_precision_current_timestamp
for the SQL to produce a high precision timestamp on the current database.
Fixes #42992
Sam Bostock

Add ssl support for postgresql database tasks

Add PGSSLMODE, PGSSLCERT, PGSSLKEY and PGSSLROOTCERT to pg_env from database config
when running postgresql database tasks.

# config/database.yml

production:
  sslmode: verify-full
  sslcert: client.crt
  sslkey: client.key
  sslrootcert: ca.crt

Environment variables

PGSSLMODE=verify-full
PGSSLCERT=client.crt
PGSSLKEY=client.key
PGSSLROOTCERT=ca.crt

Fixes #42994

Michael Bayucot

Avoid scoping update callbacks in ActiveRecord::Relation#update!.
Making it consistent with how scoping is applied only to the query in ActiveRecord::Relation#update
and not also to the callbacks from the update itself.
Dylan Thacker-Smith
Fix 2 cases that inferred polymorphic class from the association's foreign_type
using String#constantize instead of the model's polymorphic_class_for.
When updating a polymorphic association, the old foreign_type was not inferred correctly when:
1. touching the previously associated record
2. updating the previously associated record's counter_cache
Jimmy Bourassa
Add config option for ignoring tables when dumping the schema cache.
Applications can now be configured to ignore certain tables when dumping the schema cache.
The configuration option can table an array of tables:
```
config.active_record.schema_cache_ignored_tables = ["ignored_table", "another_ignored_table"]
```
Or a regex:
```
config.active_record.schema_cache_ignored_tables = [/^_/]
```
Eileen M. Uchitelle
Make schema cache methods return consistent results.
Previously the schema cache methods primary_keys, columns, columns_hash, and indexes
would behave differently than one another when a table didn't exist and differently across
database adapters. This change unifies the behavior so each method behaves the same regardless
of adapter.
The behavior now is:
columns: (unchanged) raises a db error if the table does not exist.
columns_hash: (unchanged) raises a db error if the table does not exist.
primary_keys: (unchanged) returns nil if the table does not exist.
indexes: (changed for mysql2) returns [] if the table does not exist.
Eileen M. Uchitelle
Reestablish connection to previous database after after running db:schema:load:name
After running db:schema:load:name the previous connection is restored.
Jacopo Beschi
Add database config option database_tasks
If you would like to connect to an external database without any database
management tasks such as schema management, migrations, seeds, etc. you can set
the per database config option database_tasks: false
```
# config/database.yml

production:
  primary:
    database: my_database
    adapter: mysql2
  animals:
    database: my_animals_database
    adapter: mysql2
    database_tasks: false
```
Weston Ganger
Fix ActiveRecord::InternalMetadata to not be broken by config.active_record.record_timestamps = false
Since the model always create the timestamp columns, it has to set them, otherwise it breaks
various DB management tasks.
Fixes #42983

Add ActiveRecord::QueryLogs.

Configurable tags can be automatically added to all SQL queries generated by Active Record.

# config/application.rb
module MyApp
  class Application < Rails::Application
    config.active_record.query_log_tags_enabled = true
  end
end

By default the application, controller and action details are added to the query tags:

class BooksController < ApplicationController
  def index
    @books = Book.all
  end
end

GET /books
# SELECT * FROM books /*application:MyApp;controller:books;action:index*/

Custom tags containing static values and Procs can be defined in the application configuration:

config.active_record.query_log_tags = [
  :application,
  :controller,
  :action,
  {
    custom_static: "foo",
    custom_dynamic: -> { Time.now }
  }
]

Keeran Raj Hawoldar, Eileen M. Uchitelle, Kasper Timm Hansen

Added support for multiple databases to rails db:setup and rails db:reset.
Ryan Hall
Add ActiveRecord::Relation#structurally_compatible?.
Adds a query method by which a user can tell if the relation that they're
about to use for #or or #and is structurally compatible with the
receiver.
Kevin Newton
Add ActiveRecord::QueryMethods#in_order_of.
This allows you to specify an explicit order that you'd like records
returned in based on a SQL expression. By default, this will be accomplished
using a case statement, as in:
```
Post.in_order_of(:id, [3, 5, 1])
```
will generate the SQL:
```
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" ORDER BY CASE "posts"."id" WHEN 3 THEN 1 WHEN 5 THEN 2 WHEN 1 THEN 3 ELSE 4 END ASC
```
However, because this functionality is built into MySQL in the form of the
FIELD function, that connection adapter will generate the following SQL
instead:
```
SELECT "posts".* FROM "posts" ORDER BY FIELD("posts"."id", 1, 5, 3) DESC
```
Kevin Newton
Fix eager_loading? when ordering with Symbol.
eager_loading? is triggered correctly when using order with symbols.
```
scope = Post.includes(:comments).order(:"comments.label")
=> true
```
Jacopo Beschi
Two change tracking methods are added for belongs_to associations.
The association_changed? method (assuming an association named :association) returns true
if a different associated object has been assigned and the foreign key will be updated in the
next save.
The association_previously_changed? method returns true if the previous save updated the
association to reference a different associated object.
George Claghorn
Add option to disable schema dump per-database.
Dumping the schema is on by default for all databases in an application. To turn it off for a
specific database, use the schema_dump option:
```
# config/database.yml

production:
  schema_dump: false
```
Luis Vasconcellos, Eileen M. Uchitelle
Fix eager_loading? when ordering with Hash syntax.
eager_loading? is triggered correctly when using order with hash syntax
on an outer table.
```
Post.includes(:comments).order({ "comments.label": :ASC }).eager_loading?
# => true
```
Jacopo Beschi
Move the forcing of clear text encoding to the ActiveRecord::Encryption::Encryptor.
Fixes #42699.
J Smith
partial_inserts is now disabled by default in new apps.
This will be the default for new apps in Rails 7. To opt in:
```
config.active_record.partial_inserts = true
```
If a migration removes the default value of a column, this option
would cause old processes to no longer be able to create new records.
If you need to remove a column, you should first use ignored_columns
to stop using it.
Jean Boussier
Rails can now verify foreign keys after loading fixtures in tests.
This will be the default for new apps in Rails 7. To opt in:
```
config.active_record.verify_foreign_keys_for_fixtures = true
```
Tests will not run if there is a foreign key constraint violation in your fixture data.
The feature is supported by SQLite and PostgreSQL, other adapters can also add support for it.
Alex Ghiculescu
Clear cached has_one association after setting belongs_to association to nil.
After setting a belongs_to relation to nil and updating an unrelated attribute on the owner,
the owner should still return nil on the has_one relation.
Fixes #42597.
Michiel de Mare
OpenSSL constants are now used for Digest computations.
Dirkjan Bussink

Adds support for if_not_exists to add_foreign_key and if_exists to remove_foreign_key.

Applications can set their migrations to ignore exceptions raised when adding a foreign key
that already exists or when removing a foreign key that does not exist.

Example Usage:

class AddAuthorsForeignKeyToArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  def change
    add_foreign_key :articles, :authors, if_not_exists: true
  end
end

class RemoveAuthorsForeignKeyFromArticles < ActiveRecord::Migration[7.0]
  def change
    remove_foreign_key :articles, :authors, if_exists: true
  end
end

Roberto Miranda

Prevent polluting ENV during postgresql structure dump/load.
Some configuration parameters were provided to pg_dump / psql via
environment variables which persisted beyond the command being run, and may
have caused subsequent commands and connections to fail. Tasks running
across multiple postgresql databases like rails db:test:prepare may have
been affected.
Samuel Cochran
Set precision 6 by default for datetime columns.
By default, datetime columns will have microseconds precision instead of seconds precision.
Roberto Miranda
Allow preloading of associations with instance dependent scopes.
John Hawthorn, John Crepezzi, Adam Hess, Eileen M. Uchitelle, Dinah Shi
Do not try to rollback transactions that failed due to a ActiveRecord::TransactionRollbackError.
Jamie McCarthy
Active Record Encryption will now encode values as UTF-8 when using deterministic
encryption. The encoding is part of the encrypted payload, so different encodings for
different values result in different ciphertexts. This can break unique constraints and
queries.
The new behavior is configurable via active_record.encryption.forced_encoding_for_deterministic_encryption
that is Encoding::UTF_8 by default. It can be disabled by setting it to nil.
Jorge Manrubia
The MySQL adapter now cast numbers and booleans bind parameters to string for safety reasons.
When comparing a string and a number in a query, MySQL converts the string to a number. So for
instance "foo" = 0, will implicitly cast "foo" to 0 and will evaluate to TRUE which can
lead to security vulnerabilities.
Active Record already protect against that vulnerability when it knows the type of the column
being compared, however until now it was still vulnerable when using bind parameters:
```
User.where("login_token = ?", 0).first
```
Would perform:
```
SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `login_token` = 0 LIMIT 1;
```
Now it will perform:
```
SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE `login_token` = '0' LIMIT 1;
```
Jean Boussier
Fixture configurations (_fixture) are now strictly validated.
If an error will be raised if that entry contains unknown keys while previously it
would silently have no effects.
Jean Boussier
Add ActiveRecord::Base.update! that works like ActiveRecord::Base.update but raises exceptions.
This allows for the same behavior as the instance method #update! at a class level.
```
Person.update!(:all, state: "confirmed")
```
Dorian Marié
Add ActiveRecord::Base#attributes_for_database.
Returns attributes with values for assignment to the database.
Chris Salzberg
Use an empty query to check if the PostgreSQL connection is still active.
An empty query is faster than SELECT 1.
Heinrich Lee Yu
Add ActiveRecord::Base#previously_persisted?.
Returns true if the object has been previously persisted but now it has been deleted.
Deprecate partial_writes in favor of partial_inserts and partial_updates.
This allows to have a different behavior on update and create.
Jean Boussier
Fix compatibility with psych >= 4.
Starting in Psych 4.0.0 YAML.load behaves like YAML.safe_load. To preserve compatibility,
Active Record's schema cache loader and YAMLColumn now uses YAML.unsafe_load if available.
Jean Boussier
ActiveRecord::Base.logger is now a class_attribute.
This means it can no longer be accessed directly through @@logger, and that setting logger =
on a subclass won't change the parent's logger.
Jean Boussier
Add .asc.nulls_first for all databases. Unfortunately MySQL still doesn't like nulls_last.
Keenan Brock
Improve performance of one? and many? by limiting the generated count query to 2 results.
Gonzalo Riestra
Don't check type when using if_not_exists on add_column.
Previously, if a migration called add_column with the if_not_exists option set to true
the column_exists? check would look for a column with the same name and type as the migration.
Recently it was discovered that the type passed to the migration is not always the same type
as the column after migration. For example a column set to :mediumblob in the migration will
be casted to binary when calling column.type. Since there is no straightforward way to cast
the type to the database type without running the migration, we opted to drop the type check from
add_column. This means that migrations adding a duplicate column with a different type will no
longer raise an error.
Eileen M. Uchitelle
Log a warning message when running SQLite in production.
Using SQLite in production ENV is generally discouraged. SQLite is also the default adapter
in a new Rails application.
For the above reasons log a warning message when running SQLite in production.
The warning can be disabled by setting config.active_record.sqlite3_production_warning=false.
Jacopo Beschi
Add option to disable joins for has_one associations.
In a multiple database application, associations can't join across
databases. When set, this option instructs Rails to generate 2 or
more queries rather than generating joins for has_one associations.
Set the option on a has one through association:
```
class Person
  has_one :dog
  has_one :veterinarian, through: :dog, disable_joins: true
end
```
Then instead of generating join SQL, two queries are used for @person.veterinarian:
```
SELECT "dogs"."id" FROM "dogs" WHERE "dogs"."person_id" = ?  [["person_id", 1]]
SELECT "veterinarians".* FROM "veterinarians" WHERE "veterinarians"."dog_id" = ?  [["dog_id", 1]]
```
Sarah Vessels, Eileen M. Uchitelle
Arel::Visitors::Dot now renders a complete set of properties when visiting
Arel::Nodes::SelectCore, SelectStatement, InsertStatement, UpdateStatement, and
DeleteStatement, which fixes #42026. Previously, some properties were omitted.
Mike Dalessio
Arel::Visitors::Dot now supports Arel::Nodes::Bin, Case, CurrentRow, Distinct,
DistinctOn, Else, Except, InfixOperation, Intersect, Lock, NotRegexp, Quoted,
Regexp, UnaryOperation, Union, UnionAll, When, and With. Previously, these node
types caused an exception to be raised by Arel::Visitors::Dot#accept.
Mike Dalessio

Optimize remove_columns to use a single SQL statement.

remove_columns :my_table, :col_one, :col_two

Now results in the following SQL:

ALTER TABLE "my_table" DROP COLUMN "col_one", DROP COLUMN "col_two"

Jon Dufresne

Ensure has_one autosave association callbacks get called once.
Change the has_one autosave callback to be non cyclic as well.
By doing this the autosave callback are made more consistent for
all 3 cases: has_many, has_one, and belongs_to.
Petrik de Heus
Add option to disable joins for associations.
In a multiple database application, associations can't join across
databases. When set, this option instructs Rails to generate 2 or
more queries rather than generating joins for associations.
Set the option on a has many through association:
```
class Dog
  has_many :treats, through: :humans, disable_joins: true
  has_many :humans
end
```
Then instead of generating join SQL, two queries are used for @dog.treats:
```
SELECT "humans"."id" FROM "humans" WHERE "humans"."dog_id" = ?  [["dog_id", 1]]
SELECT "treats".* FROM "treats" WHERE "treats"."human_id" IN (?, ?, ?)  [["human_id", 1], ["human_id", 2], ["human_id", 3]]
```
Eileen M. Uchitelle, Aaron Patterson, Lee Quarella
Add setting for enumerating column names in SELECT statements.
Adding a column to a PostgreSQL database, for example, while the application is running can
change the result of wildcard SELECT * queries, which invalidates the result
of cached prepared statements and raises a PreparedStatementCacheExpired error.
When enabled, Active Record will avoid wildcards and always include column names
in SELECT queries, which will return consistent results and avoid prepared
statement errors.
Before:
```
Book.limit(5)
# SELECT * FROM books LIMIT 5
```
After:
```
# config/application.rb
module MyApp
  class Application < Rails::Application
    config.active_record.enumerate_columns_in_select_statements = true
  end
end

# or, configure per-model
class Book < ApplicationRecord
  self.enumerate_columns_in_select_statements = true
end
```
```
Book.limit(5)
# SELECT id, author_id, name, format, status, language, etc FROM books LIMIT 5
```
Matt Duszynski

Allow passing SQL as on_duplicate value to #upsert_all to make it possible to use raw SQL to update columns on conflict:

Book.upsert_all(
  [{ id: 1, status: 1 }, { id: 2, status: 1 }],
  on_duplicate: Arel.sql("status = GREATEST(books.status, EXCLUDED.status)")
)

Vladimir Dementyev

Allow passing SQL as returning statement to #upsert_all:

Article.insert_all(
  [
    { title: "Article 1", slug: "article-1", published: false },
    { title: "Article 2", slug: "article-2", published: false }
  ],
  returning: Arel.sql("id, (xmax = '0') as inserted, name as new_name")
)

Vladimir Dementyev

Deprecate legacy_connection_handling.
Eileen M. Uchitelle
Add attribute encryption support.
Encrypted attributes are declared at the model level. These
are regular Active Record attributes backed by a column with
the same name. The system will transparently encrypt these
attributes before saving them into the database and will
decrypt them when retrieving their values.
```
class Person < ApplicationRecord
  encrypts :name
  encrypts :email_address, deterministic: true
end
```
You can learn more in the Active Record Encryption
guide.
Jorge Manrubia
Changed Arel predications contains and overlaps to use
quoted_node so that PostgreSQL arrays are quoted properly.
Bradley Priest
Add mode argument to record level strict_loading!.
This argument can be used when enabling strict loading for a single record
to specify that we only want to raise on n plus one queries.
```
developer.strict_loading!(mode: :n_plus_one_only)

developer.projects.to_a # Does not raise
developer.projects.first.client # Raises StrictLoadingViolationError
```
Previously, enabling strict loading would cause any lazily loaded
association to raise an error. Using n_plus_one_only mode allows us to
lazily load belongs_to, has_many, and other associations that are fetched
through a single query.
Dinah Shi

Fix Float::INFINITY assignment to datetime column with postgresql adapter.

Before:

# With this config
ActiveRecord::Base.time_zone_aware_attributes = true

# and the following schema:
create_table "postgresql_infinities" do |t|
  t.datetime "datetime"
end

# This test fails
record = PostgresqlInfinity.create!(datetime: Float::INFINITY)
assert_equal Float::INFINITY, record.datetime # record.datetime gets nil

After this commit, record.datetime gets Float::INFINITY as expected.

Shunichi Ikegami

Type cast enum values by the original attribute type.

The notable thing about this change is that unknown labels will no longer match 0 on MySQL.

class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
  enum :status, { proposed: 0, written: 1, published: 2 }
end

Before:

# SELECT `books`.* FROM `books` WHERE `books`.`status` = 'prohibited' LIMIT 1
Book.find_by(status: :prohibited)
# => #<Book id: 1, status: "proposed", ...> (for mysql2 adapter)
# => ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: PG::InvalidTextRepresentation: ERROR:  invalid input syntax for type integer: "prohibited" (for postgresql adapter)
# => nil (for sqlite3 adapter)

After:

# SELECT `books`.* FROM `books` WHERE `books`.`status` IS NULL LIMIT 1
Book.find_by(status: :prohibited)
# => nil (for all adapters)

Ryuta Kamizono

Fixtures for has_many :through associations now load timestamps on join tables.
Given this fixture:
```
### monkeys.yml
george:
  name: George the Monkey
  fruits: apple

### fruits.yml
apple:
  name: apple
```
If the join table (fruit_monkeys) contains created_at or updated_at columns,
these will now be populated when loading the fixture. Previously, fixture loading
would crash if these columns were required, and leave them as null otherwise.
Alex Ghiculescu
Allow applications to configure the thread pool for async queries.
Some applications may want one thread pool per database whereas others want to use
a single global thread pool for all queries. By default, Rails will set async_query_executor
to nil which will not initialize any executor. If load_async is called and no executor
has been configured, the query will be executed in the foreground.
To create one thread pool for all database connections to use applications can set
config.active_record.async_query_executor to :global_thread_pool and optionally define
config.active_record.global_executor_concurrency. This defaults to 4. For applications that want
to have a thread pool for each database connection, config.active_record.async_query_executor can
be set to :multi_thread_pool. The configuration for each thread pool is set in the database
configuration.
Eileen M. Uchitelle

Allow new syntax for enum to avoid leading _ from reserved options.

Before:

class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
  enum status: [ :proposed, :written ], _prefix: true, _scopes: false
  enum cover: [ :hard, :soft ], _suffix: true, _default: :hard
end

After:

class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
  enum :status, [ :proposed, :written ], prefix: true, scopes: false
  enum :cover, [ :hard, :soft ], suffix: true, default: :hard
end

Ryuta Kamizono

Add ActiveRecord::Relation#load_async.
This method schedules the query to be performed asynchronously from a thread pool.
If the result is accessed before a background thread had the opportunity to perform
the query, it will be performed in the foreground.
This is useful for queries that can be performed long enough before their result will be
needed, or for controllers which need to perform several independent queries.
```
def index
  @categories = Category.some_complex_scope.load_async
  @posts = Post.some_complex_scope.load_async
end
```
Active Record logs will also include timing info for the duration of how long
the main thread had to wait to access the result. This timing is useful to know
whether or not it's worth to load the query asynchronously.
```
DEBUG -- :   Category Load (62.1ms)  SELECT * FROM `categories` LIMIT 50
DEBUG -- :   ASYNC Post Load (64ms) (db time 126.1ms)  SELECT * FROM `posts` LIMIT 100
```
The duration in the first set of parens is how long the main thread was blocked
waiting for the results, and the second set of parens with "db time" is how long
the entire query took to execute.
Jean Boussier
Implemented ActiveRecord::Relation#excluding method.
This method excludes the specified record (or collection of records) from
the resulting relation:
```
Post.excluding(post)
Post.excluding(post_one, post_two)
```
Also works on associations:
```
post.comments.excluding(comment)
post.comments.excluding(comment_one, comment_two)
```
This is short-hand for Post.where.not(id: post.id) (for a single record)
and Post.where.not(id: [post_one.id, post_two.id]) (for a collection).
Glen Crawford
Skip optimised #exist? query when #include? is called on a relation
with a having clause.
Relations that have aliased select values AND a having clause that
references an aliased select value would generate an error when
#include? was called, due to an optimisation that would generate
call #exists? on the relation instead, which effectively alters
the select values of the query (and thus removes the aliased select
values), but leaves the having clause intact. Because the having
clause is then referencing an aliased column that is no longer
present in the simplified query, an ActiveRecord::InvalidStatement
error was raised.
A sample query affected by this problem:
```
Author.select('COUNT(*) as total_posts', 'authors.*')
      .joins(:posts)
      .group(:id)
      .having('total_posts > 2')
      .include?(Author.first)
```
This change adds an addition check to the condition that skips the
simplified #exists? query, which simply checks for the presence of
a having clause.
Fixes #41417.
Michael Smart
Increment postgres prepared statement counter before making a prepared statement, so if the statement is aborted
without Rails knowledge (e.g., if app gets killed during long-running query or due to Rack::Timeout), app won't end
up in perpetual crash state for being inconsistent with PostgreSQL.
wbharding, Martin Tepper
Add ability to apply scoping to all_queries.
Some applications may want to use the scoping method but previously it only
worked on certain types of queries. This change allows the scoping method to apply
to all queries for a model in a block.
```
Post.where(blog_id: post.blog_id).scoping(all_queries: true) do
  post.update(title: "a post title") # adds `posts.blog_id = 1` to the query
end
```
Eileen M. Uchitelle
ActiveRecord::Calculations.calculate called with :average
(aliased as ActiveRecord::Calculations.average) will now use column-based
type casting. This means that floating-point number columns will now be
aggregated as Float and decimal columns will be aggregated as BigDecimal.
Integers are handled as a special case returning BigDecimal always
(this was the case before already).
```
# With the following schema:
create_table "measurements" do |t|
  t.float "temperature"
end

# Before:
Measurement.average(:temperature).class
# => BigDecimal

# After:
Measurement.average(:temperature).class
# => Float
```
Before this change, Rails just called to_d on average aggregates from the
database adapter. This is not the case anymore. If you relied on that kind
of magic, you now need to register your own ActiveRecord::Type
(see ActiveRecord::Attributes::ClassMethods for documentation).
Josua Schmid
PostgreSQL: introduce ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQLAdapter.datetime_type.
This setting controls what native type Active Record should use when you call datetime in
a migration or schema. It takes a symbol which must correspond to one of the configured
NATIVE_DATABASE_TYPES. The default is :timestamp, meaning t.datetime in a migration
will create a "timestamp without time zone" column. To use "timestamp with time zone",
change this to :timestamptz in an initializer.
You should run bin/rails db:migrate to rebuild your schema.rb if you change this.
Alex Ghiculescu
PostgreSQL: handle timestamp with time zone columns correctly in schema.rb.
Previously they dumped as t.datetime :column_name, now they dump as t.timestamptz :column_name,
and are created as timestamptz columns when the schema is loaded.
Alex Ghiculescu
Removing trailing whitespace when matching columns in
ActiveRecord::Sanitization.disallow_raw_sql!.
Gannon McGibbon, Adrian Hirt
Expose a way for applications to set a primary_abstract_class.
Multiple database applications that use a primary abstract class that is not
named ApplicationRecord can now set a specific class to be the primary_abstract_class.
```
class PrimaryApplicationRecord
  self.primary_abstract_class
end
```
When an application boots it automatically connects to the primary or first database in the
database configuration file. In a multiple database application that then call connects_to
needs to know that the default connection is the same as the ApplicationRecord connection.
However, some applications have a differently named ApplicationRecord. This prevents Active
Record from opening duplicate connections to the same database.
Eileen M. Uchitelle, John Crepezzi
Support hash config for structure_dump_flags and structure_load_flags flags.
Now that Active Record supports multiple databases configuration,
we need a way to pass specific flags for dump/load databases since
the options are not the same for different adapters.
We can use in the original way:
```
ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = ['--no-defaults', '--skip-add-drop-table']
# or
ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = '--no-defaults --skip-add-drop-table'
```
And also use it passing a hash, with one or more keys, where the key
is the adapter
```
ActiveRecord::Tasks::DatabaseTasks.structure_dump_flags = {
  mysql2: ['--no-defaults', '--skip-add-drop-table'],
  postgres: '--no-tablespaces'
}
```
Gustavo Gonzalez
Connection specification now passes the "url" key as a configuration for the
adapter if the "url" protocol is "jdbc", "http", or "https". Previously only
urls with the "jdbc" prefix were passed to the Active Record Adapter, others
are assumed to be adapter specification urls.
Fixes #41137.
Jonathan Bracy

Allow to opt-out of strict_loading mode on a per-record base.

This is useful when strict loading is enabled application wide or on a
model level.

class User < ApplicationRecord
  has_many :bookmarks
  has_many :articles, strict_loading: true
end

user = User.first
user.articles                        # => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError
user.bookmarks                       # => #<ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionProxy>

user.strict_loading!(true)           # => true
user.bookmarks                       # => ActiveRecord::StrictLoadingViolationError

user.strict_loading!(false)          # => false
user.bookmarks                       # => #<ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionProxy>
user.articles.strict_loading!(false) # => #<ActiveRecord::Associations::CollectionProxy>

Ayrton De Craene

Add FinderMethods#sole and #find_sole_by to find and assert the
presence of exactly one record.

Used when you need a single row, but also want to assert that there aren't
multiple rows matching the condition; especially for when database
constraints aren't enough or are impractical.

Product.where(["price = %?", price]).sole
# => ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound      (if no Product with given price)
# => #<Product ...>                    (if one Product with given price)
# => ActiveRecord::SoleRecordExceeded  (if more than one Product with given price)

user.api_keys.find_sole_by(key: key)
# as above

Asherah Connor

Makes ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::Query respect the getter overrides defined in the model.

Before:

class User
  def admin
    false # Overriding the getter to always return false
  end
end

user = User.first
user.update(admin: true)

user.admin # false (as expected, due to the getter overwrite)
user.admin? # true (not expected, returned the DB column value)

After this commit, user.admin? above returns false, as expected.

Fixes #40771.

Felipe

Allow delegated_type to be specified primary_key and foreign_key.
Since delegated_type assumes that the foreign_key ends with _id,
singular_id defined by it does not work when the foreign_key does
not end with id. This change fixes it by taking into account
primary_key and foreign_key in the options.
Ryota Egusa

Expose an invert_where method that will invert all scope conditions.

class User
  scope :active, -> { where(accepted: true, locked: false) }
end

User.active
# ... WHERE `accepted` = 1 AND `locked` = 0

User.active.invert_where
# ... WHERE NOT (`accepted` = 1 AND `locked` = 0)

Kevin Deisz

Restore possibility of passing false to :polymorphic option of belongs_to.
Previously, passing false would trigger the option validation logic
to throw an error saying :polymorphic would not be a valid option.
glaszig
Remove deprecated database kwarg from connected_to.
Eileen M. Uchitelle, John Crepezzi
Allow adding nonnamed expression indexes to be revertible.
Previously, the following code would raise an error, when executed while rolling back,
and the index name should be specified explicitly. Now, the index name is inferred
automatically.
```
add_index(:items, "to_tsvector('english', description)")
```
Fixes #40732.
fatkodima
Only warn about negative enums if a positive form that would cause conflicts exists.
Fixes #39065.
Alex Ghiculescu
Add option to run default_scope on all queries.
Previously, a default_scope would only run on select or insert queries. In some cases, like non-Rails tenant sharding solutions, it may be desirable to run default_scope on all queries in order to ensure queries are including a foreign key for the shard (i.e. blog_id).
Now applications can add an option to run on all queries including select, insert, delete, and update by adding an all_queries option to the default scope definition.
```
class Article < ApplicationRecord
  default_scope -> { where(blog_id: Current.blog.id) }, all_queries: true
end
```
Eileen M. Uchitelle

Add where.associated to check for the presence of an association.

# Before:
account.users.joins(:contact).where.not(contact_id: nil)

# After:
account.users.where.associated(:contact)

Also mirrors where.missing.

Kasper Timm Hansen

Allow constructors (build_association and create_association) on
has_one :through associations.
Santiago Perez Perret

Active Storage

Support transforming empty-ish has_many_attached value into [] (e.g. [""]).
```
@user.highlights = [""]
@user.highlights # => []
```
Sean Doyle
Add ActiveStorage::Blob.compose to concatenate multiple blobs.
Gannon McGibbon
Setting custom metadata on blobs are now persisted to remote storage.
joshuamsager
Support direct uploads to multiple services.
Dmitry Tsepelev
Invalid default content types are deprecated
Blobs created with content_type image/jpg, image/pjpeg, image/bmp, text/javascript will now produce
a deprecation warning, since these are not valid content types.
These content types will be removed from the defaults in Rails 7.1.
You can set config.active_storage.silence_invalid_content_types_warning = true to dismiss the warning.
Alex Ghiculescu
Emit Active Support instrumentation events from Active Storage analyzers.
Fixes #42930
Shouichi Kamiya
Add support for byte range requests
Tom Prats
Attachments can be deleted after their association is no longer defined.
Fixes #42514
Don Sisco
Make vips the default variant processor for new apps.
See the upgrade guide for instructions on converting from mini_magick to vips. mini_magick is
not deprecated, existing apps can keep using it.
Breno Gazzola
Deprecate ActiveStorage::Current.host in favor of ActiveStorage::Current.url_options which accepts
a host, protocol and port.
Santiago Bartesaghi
Allow using IAM when signing URLs with GCS.
```
gcs:
  service: GCS
  ...
  iam: true
```
RRethy
OpenSSL constants are now used for Digest computations.
Dirkjan Bussink
Deprecate config.active_storage.replace_on_assign_to_many. Future versions of Rails
will behave the same way as when the config is set to true.
Santiago Bartesaghi
Remove deprecated methods: build_after_upload, create_after_upload! in favor of create_and_upload!,
and service_url in favor of url.
Santiago Bartesaghi
Add support of strict_loading_by_default to ActiveStorage::Representations controllers.
Anton Topchii, Andrew White
Allow to detach an attachment when record is not persisted.
Jacopo Beschi
Use libvips instead of ImageMagick to analyze images when active_storage.variant_processor = vips.
Breno Gazzola
Add metadata value for presence of video channel in video blobs.
The metadata attribute of video blobs has a new boolean key named video that is set to
true if the file has an video channel and false if it doesn't.
Breno Gazzola
Deprecate usage of purge and purge_later from the association extension.
Jacopo Beschi
Passing extra parameters in ActiveStorage::Blob#url to S3 Client.
This allows calls of ActiveStorage::Blob#url to have more interaction with
the S3 Presigner, enabling, amongst other options, custom S3 domain URL
Generation.
```
blob = ActiveStorage::Blob.last

blob.url # => https://<bucket-name>.s3.<region>.amazonaws.com/<key>
blob.url(virtual_host: true) # => # => https://<bucket-name>/<key>
```
josegomezr

Allow setting a Cache-Control on files uploaded to GCS.

gcs:
  service: GCS
  ...
  cache_control: "public, max-age=3600"

maleblond

The parameters sent to ffmpeg for generating a video preview image are now
configurable under config.active_storage.video_preview_arguments.
Brendon Muir
The ActiveStorage video previewer will now use scene change detection to generate
better preview images (rather than the previous default of using the first frame
of the video). This change requires FFmpeg v3.4+.
Jonathan Hefner

Add support for ActiveStorage expiring URLs.

rails_blob_path(user.avatar, disposition: "attachment", expires_in: 30.minutes)

<%= image_tag rails_blob_path(user.avatar.variant(resize: "100x100"), expires_in: 30.minutes) %>

If you want to set default expiration time for ActiveStorage URLs throughout your application, set config.active_storage.urls_expire_in.

aki77

Allow to purge an attachment when record is not persisted for has_many_attached.
Jacopo Beschi
Add with_all_variant_records method to eager load all variant records on an attachment at once.
with_attached_image scope now eager loads variant records if using variant tracking.
Alex Ghiculescu
Add metadata value for presence of audio channel in video blobs.
The metadata attribute of video blobs has a new boolean key named audio that is set to
true if the file has an audio channel and false if it doesn't.
Breno Gazzola
Adds analyzer for audio files.
Breno Gazzola
Respect Active Record's primary_key_type in Active Storage migrations.
fatkodima
Allow expires_in for ActiveStorage signed ids.
aki77
Allow to purge an attachment when record is not persisted for has_one_attached.
Jacopo Beschi
Add a load hook called active_storage_variant_record (providing ActiveStorage::VariantRecord)
to allow for overriding aspects of the ActiveStorage::VariantRecord class. This makes
ActiveStorage::VariantRecord consistent with ActiveStorage::Blob and ActiveStorage::Attachment
that already have load hooks.
Brendon Muir
ActiveStorage::PreviewError is raised when a previewer is unable to generate a preview image.
Alex Robbin

Add ActiveStorage::Streaming module that can be included in a controller to get access to #send_blob_stream,
which wraps the new ActionController::Base#send_stream method to stream a blob from cloud storage:

class MyPublicBlobsController < ApplicationController
  include ActiveStorage::SetBlob, ActiveStorage::Streaming

  def show
    http_cache_forever(public: true) do
      send_blob_stream @blob, disposition: params[:disposition]
    end
  end
end

DHH

Add ability to use pre-defined variants.

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_one_attached :avatar do |attachable|
    attachable.variant :thumb, resize: "100x100"
    attachable.variant :medium, resize: "300x300", monochrome: true
  end
end

class Gallery < ActiveRecord::Base
  has_many_attached :photos do |attachable|
    attachable.variant :thumb, resize: "100x100"
    attachable.variant :medium, resize: "300x300", monochrome: true
  end
end

<%= image_tag user.avatar.variant(:thumb) %>

fatkodima

After setting config.active_storage.resolve_model_to_route = :rails_storage_proxy
rails_blob_path and rails_representation_path will generate proxy URLs by default.
Ali Ismayilov
Declare ActiveStorage::FixtureSet and ActiveStorage::FixtureSet.blob to
improve fixture integration.
Sean Doyle

Active Support

Fix ActiveSupport::Duration.build to support negative values.
The algorithm to collect the parts of the ActiveSupport::Duration
ignored the sign of the value and accumulated incorrect part values. This
impacted ActiveSupport::Duration#sum (which is dependent on parts) but
not ActiveSupport::Duration#eql? (which is dependent on value).
Caleb Buxton, Braden Staudacher
Deprecate passing a format to #to_s in favor of #to_formatted_s in Array, Range, Date, DateTime, Time,
BigDecimal, Float and, Integer.
Rafael Mendonça França
Document ActiveSupport::Testing::Deprecation.
Sam Bostock & Sam Jordan
Add Pathname#existence.
```
Pathname.new("file").existence&.read
```
Timo Schilling
Remove deprecate ActiveSupport::Multibyte::Unicode.default_normalization_form.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated support to use Range#include? to check the inclusion of a value in
a date time range is deprecated.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated URI.parser.
Rafael Mendonça França
Remove deprecated config.active_support.use_sha1_digests.
Rafael Mendonça França
Invoking Object#with_options without a &block argument returns the
ActiveSupport::OptionMerger instance.
Sean Doyle
Rails.application.executor hooks can now be called around every test
This helps to better simulate request or job local state being reset around tests and prevents state
leaking from one test to another.
However it requires the executor hooks executed in the test environment to be re-entrant.
To enable this, set config.active_support.executor_around_test_case = true (this is the default in Rails 7).
Jean Boussier
ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker now mostly delegate to Class#descendants on Ruby 3.1
Ruby now provides a fast Class#descendants making ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker mostly useless.
As a result the following methods are deprecated:
- ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker.direct_descendants
- ActiveSupport::DescendantsTracker#direct_descendants
Jean Boussier
Fix the Digest::UUID.uuid_from_hash behavior for namespace IDs that are different from the ones defined on Digest::UUID.
The new behavior will be enabled by setting the
config.active_support.use_rfc4122_namespaced_uuids option to true
and is the default for new apps.
The old behavior is the default for upgraded apps and will output a
deprecation warning every time a value that is different than one of
the constants defined on the Digest::UUID extension is used as the
namespace ID.
Alex Robbin, Erich Soares Machado, Eugene Kenny
ActiveSupport::Inflector::Inflections#clear(:acronyms) is now supported,
and inflector.clear / inflector.clear(:all) also clears acronyms.
Alex Ghiculescu, Oliver Peate
ActiveSupport::Dependencies no longer installs a const_missing hook. Before this, you could push to the autoload paths and have constants autoloaded. This feature, known as the classic autoloader, has been removed.
Xavier Noria
Private internal classes of ActiveSupport::Dependencies have been deleted, like ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Reference, ActiveSupport::Dependencies::Blamable, and others.
Xavier Noria
The private API of ActiveSupport::Dependencies has been deleted. That includes methods like hook!, unhook!, depend_on, require_or_load, mechanism, and many others.
Xavier Noria
Improves the performance of ActiveSupport::NumberHelper formatters by avoiding the use of exceptions as flow control.
Mike Dalessio
Removed rescue block from ActiveSupport::Cache::RedisCacheStore#handle_exception
Previously, if you provided a error_handler to redis_cache_store, any errors thrown by
the error handler would be rescued and logged only. Removed the rescue clause from handle_exception
to allow these to be thrown.
Nicholas A. Stuart
Allow entirely opting out of deprecation warnings.
Previously if you did app.config.active_support.deprecation = :silence, some work would
still be done on each call to ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn. In very hot paths, this could
cause performance issues.
Now, you can make ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn a no-op:
```
config.active_support.report_deprecations = false
```
This is the default in production for new apps. It is the equivalent to:
```
config.active_support.deprecation = :silence
config.active_support.disallowed_deprecation = :silence
```
but will take a more optimised code path.
Alex Ghiculescu
Faster tests by parallelizing only when overhead is justified by the number
of them.
Running tests in parallel adds overhead in terms of database
setup and fixture loading. Now, Rails will only parallelize test executions when
there are enough tests to make it worth it.
This threshold is 50 by default, and is configurable via config setting in
your test.rb:
```
config.active_support.test_parallelization_threshold = 100
```
It's also configurable at the test case level:
```
class ActiveSupport::TestCase
  parallelize threshold: 100
end
```
Jorge Manrubia
OpenSSL constants are now used for Digest computations.
Dirkjan Bussink
TimeZone.iso8601 now accepts valid ordinal values similar to Ruby's Date._iso8601 method.
A valid ordinal value will be converted to an instance of TimeWithZone using the :year
and :yday fragments returned from Date._iso8601.
```
twz = ActiveSupport::TimeZone["Eastern Time (US & Canada)"].iso8601("21087")
twz.to_a[0, 6] == [0, 0, 0, 28, 03, 2021]
```
Steve Laing
Time#change and methods that call it (e.g. Time#advance) will now
return a Time with the timezone argument provided, if the caller was
initialized with a timezone argument.
Fixes #42467.
Alex Ghiculescu
Allow serializing any module or class to JSON by name.
Tyler Rick, Zachary Scott
Raise ActiveSupport::EncryptedFile::MissingKeyError when the
RAILS_MASTER_KEY environment variable is blank (e.g. "").
Sunny Ripert
The from: option is added to ActiveSupport::TestCase#assert_no_changes.
It permits asserting on the initial value that is expected not to change.
```
assert_no_changes -> { Status.all_good? }, from: true do
  post :create, params: { status: { ok: true } }
end
```
George Claghorn
Deprecate ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer's incorrect implicit conversion of objects into string.
Except for a few methods like String#%, objects must implement #to_str
to be implicitly converted to a String in string operations. In some
circumstances ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer was incorrectly calling the
explicit conversion method (#to_s) on them. This behavior is now
deprecated.
Jean Boussier
Allow nested access to keys on Rails.application.credentials.
Previously only top level keys in credentials.yml.enc could be accessed with method calls. Now any key can.
For example, given these secrets:
```
aws:
  access_key_id: 123
  secret_access_key: 345
```
Rails.application.credentials.aws.access_key_id will now return the same thing as
Rails.application.credentials.aws[:access_key_id].
Alex Ghiculescu
Added a faster and more compact ActiveSupport::Cache serialization format.
It can be enabled with config.active_support.cache_format_version = 7.0 or
config.load_defaults 7.0. Regardless of the configuration Active Support
7.0 can read cache entries serialized by Active Support 6.1 which allows to
upgrade without invalidating the cache. However Rails 6.1 can't read the
new format, so all readers must be upgraded before the new format is enabled.
Jean Boussier
Add Enumerable#sole, per ActiveRecord::FinderMethods#sole. Returns the
sole item of the enumerable, raising if no items are found, or if more than
one is.
Asherah Connor
Freeze ActiveSupport::Duration#parts and remove writer methods.
Durations are meant to be value objects and should not be mutated.
Andrew White
Fix ActiveSupport::TimeZone#utc_to_local with fractional seconds.
When utc_to_local_returns_utc_offset_times is false and the time
instance had fractional seconds the new UTC time instance was out by
a factor of 1,000,000 as the Time.utc constructor takes a usec
value and not a fractional second value.
Andrew White
Add expires_at argument to ActiveSupport::Cache write and fetch to set a cache entry TTL as an absolute time.
```
Rails.cache.write(key, value, expires_at: Time.now.at_end_of_hour)
```
Jean Boussier
Deprecate ActiveSupport::TimeWithZone.name so that from Rails 7.1 it will use the default implementation.
Andrew White
Deprecates Rails custom Enumerable#sum and Array#sum in favor of Ruby's native implementation which
is considerably faster.
Ruby requires an initializer for non-numeric type as per examples below:
```
%w[foo bar].sum('')
# instead of %w[foo bar].sum

[[1, 2], [3, 4, 5]].sum([])
# instead of [[1, 2], [3, 4, 5]].sum
```
Alberto Mota
Tests parallelization is now disabled when running individual files to prevent the setup overhead.
It can still be enforced if the environment variable PARALLEL_WORKERS is present and set to a value greater than 1.
Ricardo Díaz
Fix proxying keyword arguments in ActiveSupport::CurrentAttributes.
Marcin Kołodziej
Add Enumerable#maximum and Enumerable#minimum to easily calculate the maximum or minimum from extracted
elements of an enumerable.
```
payments = [Payment.new(5), Payment.new(15), Payment.new(10)]

payments.minimum(:price) # => 5
payments.maximum(:price) # => 15
```
This also allows passing enumerables to fresh_when and stale? in Action Controller.
See PR #41404 for an example.
Ayrton De Craene

ActiveSupport::Cache::MemCacheStore now accepts an explicit nil for its addresses argument.

config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store, nil

# is now equivalent to

config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store

# and is also equivalent to

config.cache_store = :mem_cache_store, ENV["MEMCACHE_SERVERS"] || "localhost:11211"

# which is the fallback behavior of Dalli

This helps those migrating from :dalli_store, where an explicit nil was permitted.

Michael Overmeyer

Add Enumerable#in_order_of to put an Enumerable in a certain order by a key.
DHH
ActiveSupport::Inflector.camelize behaves expected when provided a symbol :upper or :lower argument. Matches
String#camelize behavior.
Alex Ghiculescu
Raises an ArgumentError when the first argument of ActiveSupport::Notification.subscribe is
invalid.
Vipul A M
HashWithIndifferentAccess#deep_transform_keys now returns a HashWithIndifferentAccess instead of a Hash.
Nathaniel Woodthorpe
Consume dalli’s cache_nils configuration as ActiveSupport::Cache's skip_nil when using MemCacheStore.
Ritikesh G
Add RedisCacheStore#stats method similar to MemCacheStore#stats. Calls redis#info internally.
Ritikesh G

Guides

The autoloading guide for zeitwerk mode has been revised.
Xavier Noria
The autoloading guide for classic mode has been deleted.
Xavier Noria

Railtie

Allow localhost with a port by default in development
[Fixes: #43864]
Remove deprecated config in dbconsole.
Rafael Mendonça França
Change default X-XSS-Protection header to disable XSS auditor
This header has been deprecated and the XSS auditor it triggered
has been removed from all major modern browsers (in favour of
Content Security Policy) that implemented this header to begin with
(Firefox never did).
OWASP
suggests setting this header to '0' to disable the default behaviour
on old browsers as it can introduce additional security issues.
Added the new behaviour as a framework default from Rails 7.0.
Christian Sutter
Scaffolds now use date_field, time_field and datetime_field instead of
date_select, time_select and datetime_select; thus providing native date/time pickers.
Martijn Lafeber
Fix a regression in which autoload paths were initialized too late.
Xavier Noria
Fix activestorage dependency in the npm package.
Rafael Mendonça França
New and upgraded Rails apps no longer generate config/initializers/application_controller_renderer.rb
or config/initializers/cookies_serializer.rb
The default value for cookies_serializer (:json) has been moved to config.load_defaults("7.0").
The new framework defaults file can be used to upgrade the serializer.
Alex Ghiculescu
New applications get a dependency on the new debug gem, replacing byebug.
Xavier Noria
Add SSL support for postgresql in bin/rails dbconsole.
Fixes #43114.
Michael Bayucot
Add support for comments above gem declaration in Rails application templates, e.g. gem("nokogiri", comment: "For XML").
Linas Juškevičius
The setter config.autoloader= has been deleted. zeitwerk is the only
available autoloading mode.
Xavier Noria
config.autoload_once_paths can be configured in the body of the
application class defined in config/application.rb or in the configuration
for environments in config/environments/*.
Similarly, engines can configure that collection in the class body of the
engine class or in the configuration for environments.
After that, the collection is frozen, and you can autoload from those paths.
They are managed by the Rails.autoloaders.once autoloader, which does not
reload, only autoloads/eager loads.
Xavier Noria
During initialization, you cannot autoload reloadable classes or modules
like application models, unless they are wrapped in a to_prepare block.
For example, from config/initializers/*, or in application, engines, or
railties initializers.
Please check the autoloading
guide
for details.
Xavier Noria
While they are allowed to have elements in common, it is no longer required
that config.autoload_once_paths is a subset of config.autoload_paths.
The former are managed by the once autoloader. The main autoloader
manages the latter minus the former.
Xavier Noria
Show Rake task description if command is run with -h.
Adding -h (or --help) to a Rails command that's a Rake task now outputs
the task description instead of the general Rake help.
Petrik de Heus
Add missing plugin new command to help.
*Petrik de Heus
Fix config_for error when there's only a shared root array.
Loïc Delmaire
Raise an error in generators if an index type is invalid.
Petrik de Heus
package.json now uses a strict version constraint for Rails JavaScript packages on new Rails apps.
Zachary Scott, Alex Ghiculescu
Modified scaffold generator template so that running
rails g scaffold Author no longer generates tests called "creating
a Author", "updating a Author", and "destroying a Author".
Fixes #40744.
Michael Duchemin
Raise an error in generators if a field type is invalid.
Petrik de Heus
bin/rails tmp:clear deletes also files and directories in tmp/storage.
George Claghorn
Fix compatibility with psych >= 4.
Starting in Psych 4.0.0 YAML.load behaves like YAML.safe_load. To preserve compatibility
Rails.application.config_for now uses YAML.unsafe_load if available.
Jean Boussier
Allow loading nested locales in engines.
Gannon McGibbon
Ensure Rails.application.config_for always cast hashes to ActiveSupport::OrderedOptions.
Jean Boussier
Remove Rack::Runtime from the default middleware stack and deprecate
referencing it in middleware operations without adding it back.
Hartley McGuire
Allow adding additional authorized hosts in development via ENV['RAILS_DEVELOPMENT_HOSTS'].
Josh Abernathy, Debbie Milburn
Add app concern and test keepfiles to generated engine plugins.
Gannon McGibbon
Stop generating a license for in-app plugins.
Gannon McGibbon
rails app:update no longer prompts you to overwrite files that are generally modified in the
course of developing a Rails app. See #41083 for
the full list of changes.
Alex Ghiculescu
Change default branch for new Rails projects and plugins to main.
Prateek Choudhary
The new method Rails.benchmark gives you a quick way to measure and log the execution time taken by a block:
```
def test_expensive_stuff
  Rails.benchmark("test_expensive_stuff") { ... }
end
```
This functionality was available in some contexts only before.
Simon Perepelitsa
Applications generated with --skip-sprockets no longer get app/assets/config/manifest.js and app/assets/stylesheets/application.css.
Cindy Gao
Add support for stylesheets and ERB views to rails stats.
Joel Hawksley
Allow appended root routes to take precedence over internal welcome controller.
Gannon McGibbon